Strangulation of humanism: departmentalisation and specialisation versus openness and complexity

Dietro il modo, in cui noi tedeschi conduciamo le nostre scienze, so nasconde una a noi purtroppo innata o inculcata chiusura disciplinare, una passione per lo specialissimo, un fanatismo nel rinserrarsi in sé stessi, tutte cose che senz’altro producono risultati eccellenti e tecnicamente perfetti, ma che determinano al contempo una limitata scientifica e anche umana, dalla quale le nazioni di più antica cultura hanno saputo difendere, e che non capiscono neppure.
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The manner we as Germans approach scientific work is unfortunately very much coined by the innate or or instilled resortism, a passion vor specialisation, a fanatism of closure surely leading to excellent technical results, but leading at the same time to scientific and also human ignorance which ancient nations knew to avoid, and which they could not understand.

(Paul Fridolin Kehr, 1914)

complexity of historical and social research

I ogni caso non è possibile, dal punto di vista scientifico, limitarsi alle fonti della storia tedesca. Non si può separare la storia di altri paesi, e specialmente la storia della chiesa, da quella tedesca. Non si può estrapolare dalle tradizioni storiche solo quello che rispettivamente si ritiene essere nazionale, ma scientificamente si può comprenderle solo nel loro complesso. Con ciò questo compito di un istituto storico non s’ingrandisce certo a dismisura, ma assume tutt’altre dimensioni.
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The limitation on sources of German history is for scientific reasons not possible. The history of other countries, then especially the history of the church cannot be operated from the German history, It is not possible to extrapolate from historical records what is then seen as national; it can scientifically only be understood in its entirety. But with this the task of a historical institute is not reaching unmeasured, but it surely gains completely new dimensions.

(Paul Fridolin Kehr, 1907)

… measuring success …

… ogni giorno godo dello spettacolo offerto dal disgraziato Schulte, che per punizione della sua ambizione deve controllare fatture, stendere rapporti e commettere sciocchezze dalla mattina alla sera., mentre io le la spasso con i miei papi morti. Questi vecchi signori sono davvero affabili nelle loro antiche bolle.

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… every day I am gloating over looking at the unhappy Schulte who has to double-check the entire day invoices, write reports and perform in other mindless activities whereas I can amuse myself with the dead popes. The elderly masters are really amiable with their old bulls.

contemplation – action

Il vient toujours un temps où il faut choisir entre la contemplation et l’action. Cela s’appelle devenir un homme. Ces déchirements sont affreux. Mais pour un cœur fier, il ne peut y avoir de milieu. Il y a Dieu ou le temps, cette croix ou cette épée. Ce monde a un sens plus haut qui surpasse ses agitations ou rien n’est vrai que ces agitations. Il faut vivre avec le temps et mourir avec lui ou s’y soustraire pour une plus grande vie. Je sais qu’on peut transiger et qu’on peut vivre dans le siècle et croire à l’éternel. Cela s’appelle accepter. Mais je répugne à ce terme et je veux tout ou rien. Si je choisis l’action, ne croyez pas que la contemplation me soit comme une terre inconnue. Mais elle ne peut tout me donner, et privé de l’éternel, je veux m’allier au temps. Je ne veux faire tenir dans mon compte ni nostalgie ni amertume et je veux seulement y voir clair. Je vous le dis, demain vous serez mobilisé. Pour vous et pour moi, cela est une libération. L’individu ne peut rien et pourtant il peut tout. Dans cette merveilleuse disponibilité vous comprenez pourquoi je l’exalte et l’écrase à la fois. C’est le monde qui le broie et c’est moi qui le libère. Je le fournis de tous ses droits.

continuer Camus

Paradoxe et Compréhension

Ce cercle vicieux n’est que le premier d’une série où l’esprit qui se penche sur lui-même se perd dans un tournoiement vertigineux. La simplicité même de ces paradoxes fait qu’ils sont irréductibles. Quels que soient les jeux de mots et les acrobaties de la logique, comprendre c’est avant tout unifier. Le désir profond de l’esprit même dans ses démarches les plus évoluées rejoint le sentiment inconscient de l’homme devant son univers : il est exigence de familiarité, appétit de clarté. Comprendre le monde pour un homme, c’est le réduire à l’hu- main, le marquer de son sceau.

infinity …

In view of these distinctions it is obvious that the one-sided theories which some people express about all things cannot be valid-on the one hand the theory that nothing is true (for, say they, there is nothingto prevent every statement from being like the statement ‘the diagonal of a square is commensurate with the side’), on the other hand the theory that everything is true. These views are practically the same as that of Heraclitus; for he who says that all things are true and all are false also makes each of these statements separately, so that since they are impossible, the double statement must be impossible too.-Again, there are obviously contradictories which cannot be at the same time true-nor on the other hand can all statements be false; yet this would seem more possible in the light of what has been said.-But against all such views we must postulate, as we said above,’ not that something is or is not, but that something has a meaning, so that we must argue from a definition, viz. by assuming what falsity or truth means. If that which it is true to affirm is nothing other than that which it is false to deny, it is impossible that all statements should be false; for one side of the contradiction must be true. Again, if it is necessary with regard to everything either to assert or to deny it, it is impossible that both should be false; for it is one side of the contradiction that is false.-Therefore all such views are also exposed to the often expressed objection, that they destroy themselves. For he who says that everything is true makes even the statement contrary to his own true, and therefore his own not true (for the contrary statement denies that it is true), while he who says everything is false makes himself also false.-And if the former person excepts the contrary statement, saying it alone is not true, while the latter excepts his own as being not false, none the less they are driven to postulate the truth or falsity of an infinite number of statements; for that which says the true statement is true is true, and this process will go on to infinity.

Aristotle: Metaphysics, book IV

wishes … – on the Greek elections, and the time that follows

Whatever we are able and would like to do, presents itself to our imagination, as without us and in the future ; we feel a longing after that which we already possess in secret. thus the passionate anticipating grasp changes  the truly possible into a dreamed reality. Now if such a bias lies decidedly in our nature, then, with every every step of our development will a part of the first wish be fulfilled – under favourable circumstances in the direct way, under unfavourable in the circuitous way, from which we always come back again to the other. Thus we see men by perseverance attain to earthly wealth; they surround themselves with riches, splendor, and external honour. Others strive yet more certainly after intellectual advantages, acquire for themselves a clear survey of things, a peacefulness of mind, and a certainty for the present and the future.
Goethe: Truth and Poetry. From my Own Life; Translated from the German by John Oxenford, Esq; London: Henry G. Bohn; 1848

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Unsere Wünsche sind Vorgefühle der Fähigkeiten, die in uns liegen, Vorboten desjenigen, was wir zu leisten imstande sein werden. Was wir können und möchten, stellt sich unserer Einbildungskraft außer uns und in der Zukunft dar; wir fühlen eine Sehnsucht nach dem, was wir schon im Stillen besitzen. So verwandelt ein leidenschaftliches Vorausgreifen das wahrhaft Mögliche in ein erträumtes Wirkliches.

Quelle: Dichtung und Wahrheit IX