Recently sent to the publisher, waiting for proof prints now – it will be published in the series
Human Rights – Looking towards the Future – NOVA Science
Setting the Scene
The first part of this book is based on various seminars during summer schools, in particular those organised by the network attac – the idea behind those seminars and now the reason for the publication of the short compilation is given by the fact that questions of political economy and economics are frequently raised and (political-)economic reasoning is put forward in many debates that are centrally concerned with other topics, these may be matters of current economic and labour market development or we may see political economic arguments being brought up in debates on human behaviour or societal development. Furthermore, economic topics and issues are again and again popping up in daily conversations on all levels. However, references made are too often limited, referring to some catch-words, referring to single sentences or ideas while overlooking that political economy as well as economics cannot be understood or applied by decontextualization individual statements and arbitrary use in general debates.
It is important to consider the selective nature and the highly condensed presentation of the following – only slow reading, detailed follow-up studies and ideally ventilation of the topics in group discussions make it possible to arrive at a thorough understanding. Three essential general points must be emphasised right at the beginning:
- The approaches presented and also their critique can only be understood in the respective historical context. Even if, and precisely because, science is biased, it must recognise that ‘progressiveness’ cannot be understood without placing issues in their respective framework – the individualisation of road transport was at the time, from a technical and technological point of view as well as from an economic and social point of view, by and large an undisputed advance – it remains to be discussed whether it was also undisputed at the time as there had been critique from what we may call by and large ‘conservative positions’, sticking to the traditional means, accepting the limited speed and also social inequality as well as limited supply with goods. In any case, today things look quite different: There are more advanced possibilities of transportation, which should not only be seen in the light of increased ecological sensitivities.
- Much has far more fundamental significance than is apparent at first glance. This is meaningful, for example, in connection with individualism, because it is not just the emphasis on the individual and the note on personality – this was ultimately only true for a limited elite; much more significant is the other and for the overall structure more meaningful aspect: individualism as a general ‘guiding principle’, which has nothing to do with personalities and their recognition, but with the cutting-off of individuals and their modes of action from the respective social contexts. It also means that one must be careful, avoiding a shortened presentation of the criticised paradigms – for example, the view of the often-mentioned invisible hand in liberalism. Also, there – and even among the neo-liberals – the state is seen as active and constitutive factor, shaping economy and society, and it is important to look closely at the mode of intervention, instead of claiming that it is simply a matter of ‘deregulation’, in which there is no role for the state. – One may well say: it is in fact much worse … .
- Even more significant is the fact that initial topics, such as individualisation and transport, must be understood in a broader context, which then, however, at first glance, appears to be an independent topic: thus, non-transportation as part of a fundamental change in the way of economy and life can certainly be an answer to the problems discussed with regard to individual transport and the problems of individualism. In the scientific and political discussion, however, local and regional economies can certainly be addressed as well without referring to individual transport and hyper-individualism.
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The present compilation can in no way claim to be exhaustive, to provide a general overview of political economy and economics. To some extent, it provides not more than a general framework and some core quotes and with this hopefully a stimulus to further studies; at the same time, however, it is a handout that serves as background for other topics, for example, ecological-economic activity, precariousness and precarisation, or also working conditions and resulting burdens for individuals, their social environment and society in large, including considerations of legal systems and justice. Again, the historical character must be considered: Reception and critique of individual approaches are not necessarily absolute, they also result from the historical constellations, existing as background for the reappraisal of theoretical approaches of the past.